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            The decrease in calorie intake can lead to inadequate intake of other nutrients, particularly protein.  Low intake is a strong predictor of weight loss and mortality.  Weight loss can lead to functional limitations.

            On the other hand, research shows that weight loss in older adults can be prevented with the provision of adequate diets.  Weight loss was reversed in a study of a "Meals on Wheels" program.

            Few studies have looked into the value of snacking in providing adequate intake in older adults.  The US government's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002 (NHANES) collected detailed information on 2002 adults, aged 65 and older.  These adults were asked about meal and snack intake.  The snackers averaged 250 more calories, and 5 more grams of protein each day.  Non-snackers did not eat more at meals to compensate for not eating between meals.

            Whereas, snacking may promote obesity in other age groups, this study suggests that snacking can improve low calorie intakes in older adults.  "The benefits of snack foods and beverages warrant their inclusion in diet plans for older adults."